U.S., British and French air and artillery strikes against Islamic State in the Syrian city of Raqqa killed more than 1,600 civilians, according to an investigation by Amnesty International. Researchers combined first-hand accounts with open source and satellite data to identify individual airstrikes and victims. As Henry Ridgwell reports, coalition forces acknowledge that some civilians were killed during the 2017 operation – but dispute the scale of the casualties.
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