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Ephemeral Fever in Cattle
Aetiology:
Ephemeral fever, also known as bovine ephemeral fever or three-day sickness, is an acute febrile illness in cattle caused by the Ephemeral fever virus (EFV), a member of the Rhabdoviridae family. The disease is vector-borne, primarily transmitted by various species of biting insects, such as mosquitoes (Aedes and Culex species) and Culicoides midges.

Clinical Diagnosis:
Diagnosis of ephemeral fever in cattle is based on clinical signs, epidemiological factors, and laboratory testing. The key steps in the clinical diagnosis include:

History and Clinical Signs: Sudden onset of symptoms in multiple animals, often after a period of heavy rainfall or increased insect activity, suggesting vector involvement.
Physical Examination: Identification of characteristic clinical signs such as fever, lameness, muscle stiffness, and reluctance to move.
Laboratory Testing:
Serology: Detection of antibodies against the EFV using tests like ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) or virus neutralization tests.
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Detection of viral RNA in blood samples.
Virus Isolation: Culturing the virus from blood samples, although this is less commonly performed due to the availability of PCR.
Symptoms:
The clinical course of ephemeral fever typically spans three days, leading to its common name, "three-day sickness." Symptoms include:

Acute Phase (1-3 Days):

High Fever: Body temperature can rise to 40-42°C (104-107.6°F).
Lethargy and Depression: Affected cattle appear dull and lethargic.
Anorexia: Loss of appetite.
Lameness and Stiffness: Especially in the limbs, causing reluctance to move.
Muscle Tremors and Shivering: Due to muscle pain and inflammation.
Ocular and Nasal Discharge: Watery discharge from the eyes and nose.
Excessive Salivation: Due to mouth pain and difficulty swallowing.
Bloating: From reduced rumen motility.
Recovery Phase:

Rapid Improvement: Most cattle recover quickly after the acute phase, often within three days.
Residual Lameness: In some cases, lameness or stiffness may persist for a few more days.
Treatment:
Treatment is largely supportive, as the disease is self-limiting. Key components of the treatment plan include:

Anti-inflammatory Medications:

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): To reduce fever and alleviate pain (e.g., flunixin meglumine, meloxicam).
Corticosteroids: May be used in severe cases for their anti-inflammatory effects.
Supportive Care:

Hydration: Ensuring adequate water intake to prevent dehydration.
Nutritional Support: Providing easy-to-digest, high-energy feed to support recovery.
Rest: Minimizing movement to reduce muscle strain and pain.
Antibiotics: While not effective against the virus, antibiotics may be used to prevent or treat secondary bacterial infections.

Environmental Management:

Insect Control: Reducing exposure to biting insects through the use of insecticides, repellents, and environmental management (e.g., eliminating standing water).
Shelter: Providing shade and shelter to reduce stress and exposure to vectors.
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