Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah | The First Independent Islamic state in Deccan
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ᕗ HISTORY
The Bahmani Sultanate was a late medieval empire that ruled the Deccan Plateau in India, The first independent Muslim kingdom of the Deccan, the Bahmani Sultanate came to power in 1347 during the rebellion of Ismail Mukh against Muhammad bin Tughlaq, the Sultan of the Tughlaq dynasty of Delhi, Ismail Mukh then abdicated in favour of Zafar Khan, who would establish the Bahmani Sultanate,
The Bahmani Sultanate was in perpetual war with its neighbors, including its rival to the south, the Vijayanagara Empire, which would outlast the Sultanate, The Bahmani Sultans also patronized architectural works, The Mahmud Gawan Madrasa was created by Mahmud Gawan, the vizier regent who was Prime minister of the Sultanate from 1466 until his execution in 1481 during a conflict between the foreign (Afaqis) and local (Deccanis) nobility, The Bidar Fort was constructed by Ahmad Shah I (r, 1422–36), who relocated the capital to the city of Bidar. Ahmad Shah would lead campaigns against Vijayanagar and the Sultanates of Malwa and Gujarat, His campaign against Vijayanagar in 1423 would lead to their capital's siege, which would result in the expansion of the Sultanate, Mahmud Gawan would later lead campaigns during his rule against Malwa, Vijayanagar, and the Gajapatis, and would extend the Sultanate to its maximum extent,
The Sultanate would begin its decline under the reign of Mahmood Shah, Through a combination of factional strife and the revolt of five provincial governors, the Bahmani Sultanate would split up into five states, known as the Deccan Sultanates, The initial revolts of Yusuf Adil Shah, Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I, and Fathullah Imad-ul-Mulk in 1490 and Qasim Barid I in 1492 would see the end of any real Bahmani power, and the last independent Sultanate, that of Golkonda in 1518, would end the Bahmani's 180 year rule over the Deccan, The last four Bahmani rulers would be puppet monarchs under Amir Barid I of the Bidar Sultanate, and the kingdom formally dissolved in 1527,
The Bahmani Sultanate was founded by Zafar Khan, who was of either Afghan or Turk origin, Encyclopedia Iranica states him to be a Khorasani adventurer, who claimed descent from Bahrām Gōr, According to the medieval historian Ferishta, his obscurity makes it difficult to track his origin, but he is nonetheless stated as of Afghan birth, Ferishta further writes, Zafar Khan had earlier been a servant of a Brahmin astrologer at Delhi named Gangu, giving him the name Hasan Gangu, and says that he was from North India, Historians have not found any corroboration for the legend, but Barani, who was the court chronicler of Sultan Firuz Shah, as well as some other scholars have also called him Hasan Gangu, Another theory of origin for Zafar Khan is that he was of Brahmin origin, and that Bahman (his given name following the establishment of the Sultanate) is a corrupted personalized form of Brahman, with Hasan Gangu being a Hindu Brahman who became Muslim, However this view has been discredited by S,A,Q, Husaini, who considers the idea of a Brahmin origin or Zafar Khan originally being a Hindu convert to Islam from Punjab untenable,
Ziauddin Barani, the court chronicler of Sultan Firuz Shah, states that Hasan Gangu, the Bahmani Sultanate's founder, was "born in very humble circumstances" and that "For the first thirty years of his life he was nothing more than a field laborer," He was made a commander of a hundred horsemen by the Delhi Sultan, Muhammad bin Tughluq, who was pleased with his honesty, This sudden rise in the military and socio-economic ladder was common in this era of Muslim India, Zafar Khan or Hasan Gangu was among the inhabitants of Delhi who were forced to migrate to the Deccan, to build a large Muslim settlement in the region of Daulatabad, Zafar Khan was a man of ambition and looked forward to the adventure, He had long hoped to employ his body of horsemen in the Deccan as the region was seen as the place of bounty in Muslim imagination at the time, He was rewarded with an Iqta for taking part in the conquest of Kampili,
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Sources: "Muntakhab-ut-Tawarikh"
"The Khaljis: Nasiruddin Khusrau Khan"
" Islamic Rule Of Hindustan " By Shukat Ali Fehmi
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