In this video, we discuss the crucial step of determining the sample design in the research process. The concept of "population" or "universe" refers to all the items or elements under consideration in a particular field of inquiry. In some cases, a **census inquiry** is conducted, where every item in the population is examined. This approach is presumed to yield the highest accuracy, as all items are covered and no element of chance is left. However, in practice, census inquiries may still introduce bias, which can grow as the number of observations increases. Additionally, there is no way to measure or correct this bias without resurveying or using sample checks.

A census inquiry is often impractical, as it requires significant time, money, and energy. It is also not always feasible in certain scenarios. For example, blood testing is typically done on a sample basis, not the entire population. As a result, researchers frequently select a subset of items from the population to study, forming what is known as a **sample**. The selection of a proper sample design ensures that the sample is representative and that the results can be generalized to the larger population while minimizing bias and maximizing accuracy.

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