The beginning of WWII is perceived differently based on geography. While Americans recognize Pearl Harbor (1941) and Europeans focus on Germany's invasion of Poland (1939), China considers August 13, 1937, as the start, marking the Battle of Shanghai. Shanghai in 1937 was a modern city controlled by international powers. The city had areas like the French Concession and International Settlement, reflecting foreign dominance over local affairs. The battle began on August 13, 1937, when Chinese forces clashed with Japanese troops in an attempt to resist Japanese occupation. It was fierce, resulting in heavy casualties on both sides, with Chinese troops holding out despite overwhelming Japanese air superiority. The Battle of Shanghai had lasting effects on Chinese national identity, strengthening anti-Japanese sentiment and shaping modern China. Foreigners eventually left after WWII, and today, Shanghai is a thriving Chinese-run city.

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