The red-billed leiothrix (Leiothrix lutea) is a member of the family Leiothrichidae, native to southern China and the Himalayas. Adults have bright red bills and a dull yellow ring around their eyes. Their backs are dull olive green, and they have a bright yellow-orange throat with a yellow chin; females are somewhat duller than males, and juveniles have black bills. It has also been introduced in various parts of the world, with small populations of escapees having existed in Japan since the 1980s. It has become a common cagebird and amongst aviculturists it goes by various names: Pekin robin, Pekin nightingale, Japanese nightingale, and Japanese (hill) robin, the last two being misnomers as it is not native to Japan.
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Not globally threatened. CITES II. Very scarce, perhaps only vagrant, in Pakistan. Fairly common in Nepal. Common throughout temperate zone in Bhutan, where present in Thrumshingla National Park. In India, uncommon in W Himalayas to locally common in E, hence very rare on New Forest campus at Dehra Dun and rare in Dehra Dun valley (Uttaranchal); present in Eaglenest Wildlife Sanctuary and Namdapha National Park (Arunachal Pradesh). Fairly common in S China, where recorded in 17 (31%) of 54 surveyed sites (of which 52 are nature reserves), but rare in one of them, Diding Nature Reserve, in Guangxi; abundant in mountains of NW Fujian. Uncommon in Hong Kong, where population of captive origin. In Myanmar, scarce in W but common in N; common in N Vietnam. Has been heavily traded: since 1997, when it was listed on CITES Appendix II, total of 227,517 wild-caught individuals has been recorded in international trade. Feral populations have become at least temporarily established, for example: in Hawaii (recently collapsed, but has history of dramatic unexplained population fluctuations on several islands; in mid-1980s c. 98,000 in 3539-km² study area on Hawaii, 19,000 in 404-km² study area on Maui, and 1800 in 131-km² study area on Molokai); in Japan (exploding in range and numbers in past two decades, reaching density of 350–400 pairs/km² on Mt Tsukuba, in C Japan); and in Europe (France, Italy, Germany and Catalonia, NE Spain); as well as on Reunion I, in Indian Ocean.
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