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Cyprus has a long history, with evidence of human habitation dating back as far as
the 10th millennium BC. These earliest inhabitants are believed to have been
hunter-gatherers who crossed over to the island from the nearby regions of the
Middle East.
The first major wave of civilization in Cyprus was during the Neolithic period,
around 7000-6000 BC, when farming communities began to develop. The Bronze
Age, which started around 2500 BC, brought significant advancements in
metallurgy and commerce.
Cyprus has since been occupied by a series of different civilizations including the
Mycenaean Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans, Byzantines, Arab caliphates, French
Lusignan, Venetians, Ottoman Turks, and British.
The Neolithic period on Cyprus, also known as the New Stone Age, is
characterized by significant advancements in human technology and culture. It's
believed to have started around 8200-7000 BC and lasted until about 3900 BC,
spanning the Aceramic (without pottery) and Ceramic (with pottery) Neolithic
periods.
In the Aceramic Neolithic period (8200-5200 BC), Cyprus saw its first permanent
human settlements. The inhabitants lived in round houses and survived mainly by
hunting, gathering, and fishing. The Khirokitia culture is a well-known example of
this period, with a well-preserved archaeological site that has provided a great
deal of information about the early settlers' way of life. The Khirokitia people are
known for their innovative architecture, including stone round houses, which were
often partially buried in the ground for insulation.
The Ceramic Neolithic period (ca. 4500-3900 BC) marked the introduction of
pottery, more sophisticated tools, and the beginnings of agriculture. The Sotira
culture is a significant group from this period. During this time, Cyprus had
significant interactions with the surrounding regions, especially the Levantine
coast, as evidenced by the commonality in certain types of pottery and other
artifacts.
Despite being an island, Cyprus had a rich Neolithic culture that closely mirrored
the major developments happening on the mainland at the same time. The
evidence of these ancient cultures provides invaluable insights into the human
journey from hunter-gatherers to settled farming communities.
The Copper Age, also known as the Chalcolithic Age, in Cyprus is believed to have
begun around 3900 BC and continued until the advent of the Bronze Age around
2500 BC. This period is characterized by the development and use of copper, in
addition to stone, for tools and other items.
While farming continued to be the primary source of sustenance during the
Copper Age, the inhabitants of Cyprus began to master the smelting and working
of copper, which was abundant on the island. This allowed for the production of
more durable tools, weapons, and other objects, facilitating a significant
advancement in technology.
The Cypriot Chalcolithic period is also noted for the production of distinctively
decorated pottery, and for the beginning of trade relations with the surrounding
regions. Artifacts from this period, such as cruciform figurines, plank-shaped
figurines, and pottery with complex incised decoration, show a sophistication in
their craftsmanship. These artifacts indicate that society was becoming more
complex, with the development of new rituals and social norms.
In terms of settlement, people during this period tended to live in small villages,
usually built on hills, which allowed them to easily defend themselves. The
architecture was simple, generally featuring round or rectangular houses.
Burial practices also became more elaborate during the Copper Age, with the dead
often buried under the floors of homes or in designated cemeteries. Grave goods
became more common, suggesting a belief in an afterlife.
This was an important period in Cyprus's history, as the technological
advancements and cultural developments set the stage for the Bronze Age, during
which the island became a significant player in the eastern Mediterranean region.
The Bronze Age of Cyprus, also known as the Cypriot Bronze Age, extended from
approximately 2300 BC to 1050 BC. This period saw the development of more
complex political and economic systems, and the emergence of new religious
practices.

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