Background:
• In 1930, the Simon Commission report was received with resentment by both Hindus and Muslims.
• Under the leadership of Gandhi, Congress started a Civil Disobedience Movement.
• Muslim League split into two, the section led by Quaid-e-Azam also boycotted the commission.
• The British organised three Round Table Conferences in 1930, 1931 and 1932 to discuss constitutional reforms in India.
• The main aim of these Conferences was to discuss the Simon Commission report and to resolve the constitutional issues of India.
• However, these conferences failed to achieve much success in resolving constitutional problems.

First Round Table Conference:
• It was held on November 12, 1930, in London.
• Congress did not attend this conference as its leaders were in jail on account of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• Around 89 members attended the conference.
• The prominent Muslim delegates in the conference were Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar, Sir Agha Khan, Sir Muhammad Shafi, and Maulvi Fazl-i-Haq.
• In this conference, the representative government for provinces and the Federal System of government for India was successfully accepted contrary to Congress' demands of ‘Unitary Form' of government.
• In comparison, this conference was more successful than the other two.

Second Round Table Conference:
• On September 7, 1931, the Second Round Table Conference was held in London.
• Congress attended this congress on Lord Irwin’s invitation to Gandhi.
• Gandhi declared that only the National Congress has the right to speak on behalf of the Indian people.
• Gandhi also emphasised that there are no minority problems in India.
• However, Muslims and other minorities’ leaders disagreed with him.
• The second conference did not achieve much success because of Congress’ attitude and minority problems remained unresolved.
• The only success that it achieved was that Sindh, Orissa, and NWFP will have full provincial status.

Third Round Table Conference:
• The Third Round Table Conference was short and did not achieve anything of significance.
• It was held in November in London.
• The Labour Association, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Congress were absent from it.
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