In this video I explore the mechanisms by which plants transport water and nutrients. Essential nutrients for plant growth and reproduction are identified through controlled hydroponic experiments, which often use aqueous solutions instead of soil. While most plants absorb these nutrients through their roots from the soil, carnivorous plants like the Venus flytrap gain additional nutrients by digesting insects. Parasitic plants, such as mistletoe, attach to host plants to extract nutrients. Water moves through the plant via osmosis, while minerals and solutes are transported by ion channels; importantly, less than 3% of absorbed water is retained by the plant, with the rest lost through transpiration or exudation. Transpiration happens in the xylem, and the distribution of carbohydrates, mainly sucrose, along with other solutes, occurs in the phloem through a process known as translocation.

Time stamps:

- Plant Nutrition and Transport: Plants are primarily made up of water: 0:00
- NASA hydroponic setup (growing without soil): 2:00
- Diagram of passive hydroponics with no electricity or pumps / wicks needed: 4:32
- Capillary action in water (polar) vs mercury (non-polar): 9:11
- Dogs and sheep were among the first animals to be domesticated: 14:44
- Venus flytrap timelapse catching flies: 16:27
- Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots upwards. Phloem transports carbohydrates between organs: 18:28
- Diagram of osmosis over a semi-permeable membrane: Water moves to balance concentration. Mechanism of osmosis is not fully understood: 21:03
- Diagram of apoplastic (through cell walls) and symplastic (through cytoplasm) pathways for transporting water and minerals through the xylem: 26:19
- Over 97% of water from roots is not absorbed by the plant but transpires or exudes via guttation: 28:51
- Illustration of the process of translocation of sucrose within the phloem: 31:26

Full video below:

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