The Kingdom of Israel occupied that part of the land on the Mediterranean Sea known as the Levant which corresponds roughly to the State of Israel of modern times. The region was known, historically, as part of Canaan, as Phoenicia, as Palestine, Yehud Medinata, Judea and, after the Romans destroyed the region in 136 CE, as Syria-Palaestina. According to the Bible, the region was named after the Hebrew patriarch Jacob, also known as Israel (from Yisrae'el, meaning to `persevere with God') and, by extension, his nation. Israel was the region colonized by Abram (later Abraham), developed by his son Isaac and grandson Jacob, and later allegedly conquered by the Hebrew General Joshua around 1250 BC, following the Exodus from Egypt under Moses. Israel as a cultural entity is first mentioned in the stele of the Egyptian pharaoh Merenptah (1213-1203 BC) in which he states that “Israel lies devastated, bereft of its seed”. The reference seems to be to a people, not a kingdom, but no scholarly consensus has been reached on a final meaning nor even why Israel should be mentioned on a stele which celebrates an Egyptian victory over the Libyans unless the Israelites were part of the coalition known as the Sea Peoples, which is improbable. By c. 1080 BC the Israelites had established a kingship in the land and developed a culture which drew on earlier civilizations. The kingdom split in two following the death of King Solomon (r.c. 965-931 BC) with the Kingdom of Israel to the north and Judah to the south. In 722 BC the northern kingdom was destroyed by the Assyrians and the population deported as per Assyrian military policy (resulting in the so-called Lost Ten Tribes of Israel). Judah was destroyed by the Babylonians in 598-582 BC and the most influential citizens of the region taken to Babylon. The Persians, following their conquest of the Babylonian Empire, returned the Israelites to their homeland in 538 BC and held the region as part of their empire until it fell to Alexander the Great (356-323 BC). Following Alexander's death, the region was held by Ptolemy I and then the Seleucid Empire until c. 168 BC when the Israelites revolted under the leadership of the Maccabees who established the Hasmonaean Dynasty. The region was taken by Rome in 63 BC and the people's resentment against foreign occupation resulted in periods of more or less unrest until the Bar Kochba Revolt of 132-136 CE in which the Jews were defeated, Jerusalem destroyed, and the area renamed Syria-Palaestina by the Roman emperor Hadrian.
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