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The S1 heart sound results from closure of the atrioventricular valves and is best heard at the apex. The S2 heart sound is from closure of the semilunar valves and is best heard at the base. Extra heart sounds like S3 and S4 can indicate heart dysfunction. Murmurs are abnormal heart sounds caused by turbulent blood flow and may be systolic, diastolic, continuous, or transient. Auscultating precise heart sound locations allows nurses to detect extra sounds and murmurs that could signify valvular abnormalities or dysfunction.
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