About 50 miles (30 kilometers) away from the city of Iquique, the once prosperous mining towns of Humberstone and Santa Laura now stand as a dusty open-air museum and UNESCO World Heritage Site. Home to the world’s largest deposit of potassium nitrate, some 200 saltpeter mines were worked by thousands from Bolivia, Peru, and Chile. Known as pampinos, the miners developed a distinctive culture of social justice and hard work. Go to Santa Laura to see abandoned refining equipment and the railroad station, while Humberstone contains many homes of the former workers, an empty swimming pool, and a supposedly haunted theater..

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