I try a couple of canister stoves in -12C conditions. One works and one doesn't.
The one that doesn't work contains a simple mixture of butane and propane.
The other contains a 'four seasons mix' of isobutane n-butane and propane. This stove functions very well even if I put it in contact with the cold ground.
The explanation I provide is a little simplistic but it covers the main effects.
Here are some other things at play...
Pressure inside the canister is also an issue. As the air temperature drops so does the pressure which impacts the burn. Also as the fuel is consumed more fuel vapourizes inside the canister. This vaporization causes cooling inside the canister which complicates matters more. This all gets more challenging at altitude.
A propane only canister would be great but at normal summer temperatures the pressure inside would be too extreme to contain with a lightweight camping canister. You would need a heavy steel canister like on your outdoor grill.
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