This is an audio version of the Wikipedia Article:
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00:02:02 1 Etymology and terminology
00:04:57 2 History
00:05:20 2.1 Horse-drawn
00:10:27 2.2 Steam
00:12:21 2.3 Cable-hauled
00:16:36 2.4 Gas
00:18:20 2.5 Electric
00:26:35 2.6 Other power sources
00:26:50 2.6.1 Battery
00:27:55 2.6.2 Compressed air
00:28:10 2.6.3 Human power
00:29:03 2.6.4 Hydrogen
00:29:32 2.6.5 Hybrid
00:30:15 2.6.6 Liquid fuel
00:31:01 2.7 Modern development
00:31:49 3 Design
00:31:58 3.1 Articulated
00:33:18 3.2 Cargo tram
00:36:06 3.3 Dog car
00:36:30 3.4 Double decker
00:37:40 3.5 Drop-Centre (lowered central section)
00:38:25 3.6 Hearse tram
00:39:43 3.7 Low floor
00:42:30 3.7.1 Pivoting bogie
00:43:08 3.8 Maintenance tram
00:43:58 3.9 Mobile library service
00:44:34 3.10 Nursery tram
00:45:02 3.11 Restaurant tram
00:46:37 3.12 Single-ended versus double-ended
00:48:59 3.13 Tourist tram
00:49:30 3.14 Tram-train
00:50:22 3.15 Contractors' mobile office
00:50:49 3.16 Rubber-tyred tram
00:51:50 3.17 Other designs
00:51:59 3.17.1 Modern styling
00:52:23 3.17.2 Modular design
00:53:06 4 Operation
00:53:40 4.1 Controls
00:54:12 4.2 Power supply
00:55:33 4.2.1 Ground-level power supply
00:56:36 4.3 Route
01:00:03 4.4 Track
01:01:59 4.5 Track gauge
01:03:04 4.6 Tram stop
01:03:37 5 Manufacturing
01:04:03 6 Debate
01:04:12 6.1 Advantages
01:06:00 6.2 Disadvantages
01:07:33 7 By region
01:09:35 7.1 Major tram and light rail systems
01:19:58 7.1.1 Statistics
01:22:49 7.2 Africa
01:22:57 7.3 Asia
01:25:39 7.4 Europe
01:26:33 7.5 North America
01:30:07 7.6 Oceania
01:34:18 7.7 South America
01:35:51 8 Incidents
01:38:16 9 Tram modelling
01:40:44 10 In popular culture
01:40:59 10.1 Ballet
01:41:14 10.2 Drama
01:41:42 10.3 Film
01:44:38 10.4 Literature
01:51:29 10.5 Music
01:52:49 10.6 Opera
01:53:05 10.7 Television
01:53:50 10.8 Visual arts
01:55:47 10.9 Other
01:56:51 11 See also
01:57:01 11.1 Tram types
01:57:10 11.2 Trams by region
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Speaking Rate: 0.9571201280978989
Voice name: en-GB-Wavenet-A
"I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think."
- Socrates
SUMMARY
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A tram (in North America streetcar or trolley) is a rail vehicle which runs on tramway tracks along public urban streets; some include segments of segregated right-of-way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways. Historically the term electric street railways was also used in the United States. In the United States, the term tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains, which are unrelated to other kinds of trams.
Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than main line and rapid transit trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph sliding on an overhead line; older systems may use a trolley pole or a bow collector. In some cases by a contact shoe on a third rail is used. If necessary, they may have dual power systems—electricity in city streets, and diesel in more rural environments. Occasionally, trams also carry freight.
Trams are now commonly included in the wider term "light rail", which also includes grade-separated systems. Some trams, known as tram-trains, may have segments that run on mainline railway tracks, similar to interurban systems. The differences between these modes of rail transport are often indistinct, and a given system may combine multiple features.
One of the advantages over earlier forms of transit was the low rolling resistance of metal wheels on steel rails, allowing the trams to haul a greater load for a given effort. Problems included the fact that any given animal could only work so many hours on a given day, had to be housed, groomed, fed and cared for day in and day out, and produced prodigious amounts of manure, which the streetcar company was charged with disposing of. Electric trams largely replaced animal power in the late 19th and early 20th century. Improvements in other forms of road transport such as buses led to decline of ...
