The French Revolution was a period in French history that began with the Estates General in 1789 and ended with the foundation of the French Consulate in November 1799. Many of its concepts are regarded core liberal democratic ideals, and the values and institutions it established remain vital to French political debate.
Its reasons are widely accepted to be a confluence of social, political, and economic elements that the Ancient Régime was unable to handle. In May 1789, considerable social unrest prompted the formation of the Estates General, which was later transformed into the National Assembly in June. The storming of the Bastille on 14 July resulted in a series of extreme reforms by the Assembly, including the elimination of feudalism, the imposition of governmental authority over the Catholic Church in France, and the expansion of the right to vote.
The fight for political authority dominated the following three years, which was compounded by economic slump and public unrest. Austria, Britain, Prussia, and other external powers desired to reestablish the Ancien Régime by force, while many French leaders regarded war as the greatest way to unify the country and export the revolution to other countries. These reasons led to the commencement of the French Revolutionary Wars in April 1792, the dissolution of the French monarchy and the declaration of the French First Republic in September 1792, and Louis XVI's execution in January 1793.
The Girondins, who dominated the National Assembly, were ousted by the Committee of Public Safety, led by Maximilien Robespierre, during the Paris-based Insurrection of May 31-June 2, 1793. Efforts to destroy his opponents caused the Reign of Terror, which resulted in the deaths of an estimated 16,000 people by the time it ended in July 1794. In addition to external foes, the Republic faced internal resistance from both Royalists and Jacobins, and the French Directory gained power in November 1795 to deal with these dangers. Despite a string of military successes, many of which were achieved by Napoleon Bonaparte, political disagreements and economic stagnation led to the Directory's demise in November 1799, when the Consulate took over. This is often regarded as the conclusion of the Revolutionary Era.
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