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⌚Timestamps:
00:00 - Intro
00:43 - Motor starter types
01:39 - 1) FVNR
02:13 - 2) FVR
02:55 - 3) Reduced voltage
03:26 - 4) Multi-speed
03:49 - 1) Manual motor starting
04:10 - 2) Magnetic
04:36 - 3) Auto-transformer
05:20 - 4) Star-delta
05:55 - 5) Soft-starter
06:15 - 6) VFD

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Most digital outputs on control systems operate on 24 volt DC or 120 volt AC. So how do we start and stop three-phase, 480 volt AC industrial motors? The simple answer is by using a motor starter.

All motor controllers are designed to keep the motor from being energized until the controller is told to activate. Once activated, current can pass to the motor, which energizes the motor windings and starts motor rotation.

Motor controllers are also referred to as motor starters. These devices are most often offered in a single unit with circuit disconnecting means, a contactor or other type of motor actuator, circuit overload protection, and motor overload protection.

Motor Controllers can be grouped by starting method and by starter type.

1) Full Voltage, Non-Reversing (FVNR)
The first starting type is the Full Voltage, Non-Reversing motor controller. As the name implies, when the controller’s single contactor actuates, this motor controller type, also known as FVNR, allows the full line voltage to be applied to the motor.

2) Full voltage reversing
In a Full Voltage Reversing motor controller, the controller has two separate actuating states:
– One to operate the motor in the forward direction, and
– One state to allow the motor to operate in the reverse direction.
This is accomplished by adding a second contactor.
– The forward contactor acts the same as in the FVNR, and
– The reverse contactor swaps the position of two of the phases.

3) Reduced voltage
The third type of motor starting method is called reduced voltage starting. Large motors can have a very high starting current that may be harmful to the motor or the motor controller itself.

4) Multi-speed
The last type of motor starting method is multi-speed. Multi-speed motor controllers use solid-state or transforming means to allow motors to be controlled at different speeds. Two of these methods, Variable Speed Drive and 2-speed control will be described later.

Now that we have described the four major categories of the motor controller by starting method, we will now describe the six major motor starter types.

1) Manual
The first is manual motor actuation, which requires an operator to switch the motor on and off.
Due to safety considerations, manual motor starting is limited to the motor of 10 horsepower or less. They can be used on single or three-phase applications.

2) Magnetic
Magnetic motor starters, or direct online starters, are the most common single-speed starter type.
For magnetic starters, a pushbutton or a selector switch connected to a PLC digital input is used to activate a PLC digital output. The PLC output will pull in a coil that magnetically holds the starter contacts closed, allowing current to pass to the motor.
Magnetic motor starters are used with FVNR and full-voltage reversible motor controllers.

3) Auto-transformer
Auto-transformer motor starters are commonly used in reduced-voltage starting applications, especially with large motors.

4) Star-delta [ Ссылка ]
Star-delta reduced voltage motor starting is related to auto-transformer starting in that three separate contactors are used in the motor control scheme.

5) Soft-starter
Soft-starters are another method used for limiting starting current. Soft-starters use solid-state electronics to limit the startup voltage and current.
A soft-starter allows the voltage to gradually increase during motor startup. This allows the motor to slowly accelerate & gain speed in a controlled fashion.

6) Variable frequency drive (VFD)
A variable frequency drive, or VFD, is similar to a soft-starter but allows the speed of the motor to be varied by varying the frequency of the output to the motor.

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