The Empire of Wagadu (Ouagadou), more commonly known as the Ghana Empire, was a powerful state in the Medieval Sahel of West Africa, and one of the earliest in written record. With origins in antiquity and a reputation for wealth and glory in contemporary sources, it has long been an icon of Black history, though today it tends to be overshadowed by the later Mali Empire.

This video is part of Untold Black History, a collaboration organized by Jabari from From Nothing with the intention of shedding light on the history of Africans and the African diaspora. Check out the full playlist here:
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Special thanks to@schrodingersmoose for providing the voice of al-Bakri, @KenKwameWrites for providing the voice of al-Zūhri, and @MostlyMiSinging for providing the collaboration theme!

Maps based on this video: [ Ссылка ]

Sources:
Bennison, Amira K. “The Almoravids: Striving in the Path of God.” In The Almoravid and Almohad Empires, 24–61. Edinburgh University Press, 2016. [ Ссылка ].

Burkhalter, Sheryl L. “Listening for Silences in Almoravid History: Another Reading of ‘The Conquest That Never Was.’” History in Africa 19 (1992): 103–31. [ Ссылка ].

Conrad, David, and Humphrey Fisher. “The Conquest That Never Was: Ghana and the Almoravids, 1076. I. The External Arabic Sources.” History in Africa 9 (1982): 21–59. [ Ссылка ].

D'Andrea, A.C., Casey, J. Pearl Millet and Kintampo Subsistence. African Archaeological Review 19, 147–173 (2002). [ Ссылка ]

Ehret, Christopher. The Civilizations of Africa a History to 1800. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2016.

Gomez, Michael. African Dominion: A New History of Empire in Early and Medieval West Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019.

Hopkins, J.F.P, and Nehemia Levtzion. Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Cambridge , England: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Kevin McDonald, Robert Vernet, Dorian Fuller and James Woodhouse, "New Light on the Tichitt Tradition" A Preliminary Report on Survey and Excavation at Dhar Nema," pp. 78–80.

Mauny, Raymond. “Campagne De Fouilles à Koumbi Saleh .” Bibliotheque Numerique sur la Mauritanie, 1951. [ Ссылка ].

Mauny, R. A. “The Question of Ghana.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 24, no. 3 (1954): 200–213. [ Ссылка ].

McDougall, E. Ann. Review of Research in Saharan History, by James L. A. Webb Jr. The Journal of African History 39, no. 3 (1998): 467–80. [ Ссылка ].

McIntosh, Susan Keech. “A Reconsideration of Wangara/Palolus, Island of Gold.” The Journal of African History 22, no. 2 (1981): 145–58. doi:10.1017/S002185370001937X.

Munson, Patrick J. “Archaeology and the Prehistoric Origins of the Ghana Empire.” The Journal of African History 21, no. 4 (1980): 457–66. [ Ссылка ].

“State Building in Ancient West Africa: From the Tichitt Neolithic Civilization to the Empire of Ghana (2,200BC-1250AD.).” State building in ancient west Africa: from the Tichitt Neolithic civilization to the empire of Ghana (2,200BC-1250AD). African History Extra, March 27, 2022. [ Ссылка ].

00:00 Introduction
01:01 The Basics of Wagadu
01:55 The Sahel
03:13 The Salt-Gold Trade
05:15 Government in Wagadu
06:52 The Capital
09:21 Archaeology
11:55 Religion
14:55 Islam in Wagadu
17:06 The Almoravids
21:14 Decline and Fall
22:53 Conclusion

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