To get turn signals (indicators) to flash, there needs to be something in the electrical circuit that automatically switches the turn signal lights on and off when power is applied.
A light bulb creates a load on the electrical circuit. When a lamp blows, there is less load on the electrical circuit. The smaller load causes the electronics (or turn signal relay) to switch on and off faster, thereby causing the turn signals to flash faster.
A turn signal relay (indicator relay or flasher relay) is used in older vehicles. In newer cars, the turn signals are controlled by electronics (usually one of the many circuits buried inside one of the vehicles control units).
It’s likely that a broken lamp will have caused the indicators to flash faster (hyper flashing). But there can be other reasons…
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