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Pediculosis: Dermatology Lectures -
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Definition:
Pediculosis refers to an infestation of lice, tiny parasitic insects that live on the scalp, body, or pubic area, depending on the type of louse. The three main types of lice that affect humans are:

Pediculus humanus capitis: 🦠 Scalp lice, which are most commonly found in children.
Pediculus humanus corporis: 👕 Body lice, which thrive in clothing and are associated with poor hygiene.
Pthirus pubis: 🦀 Pubic lice, often referred to as "crabs," which infest the pubic region.

Pathophysiology:
Lice feed on human blood, causing irritation and inflammation. They lay eggs (nits) on hair shafts or clothing fibers, which hatch into nymphs and mature into adult lice. The cycle of infestation can lead to severe itching, secondary bacterial infections, and even social stigma for affected individuals. 😣🔄

Clinical Features:
Itching: 🤲 The most common symptom, resulting from an allergic reaction to lice saliva.
Visible Lice and Nits: 👀 Adult lice are about the size of a sesame seed and may be seen crawling on the scalp or hair. Nits appear as tiny white or yellowish specks attached to hair shafts.
Skin Irritation: 🔴 Scratching may lead to excoriations, redness, and possible secondary infections.
Other Symptoms: 📉 In cases of body lice, patients may experience a rash or skin infections due to constant scratching.
Diagnosis:
Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on the identification of lice and nits through careful inspection of the hair and scalp. 🕵️‍♀️ Dermatologists may use specialized combs or magnifying glasses to assist in detecting lice. In some cases, skin scrapings may be taken to rule out other conditions, such as dermatitis.

Treatment:
Effective treatment for pediculosis involves a combination of topical insecticides and non-pharmacological methods:
Topical Treatments: 💊 Over-the-counter (OTC) treatments include shampoos and lotions containing permethrin, pyrethrins, or benzyl alcohol. Prescription medications like malathion or ivermectin may be used for resistant cases.
Nit Removal: 🧼 Manual removal of nits with a fine-toothed comb is essential, as nits can continue the infestation if left untreated.
Environmental Control: 🧺 Wash all clothing, bedding, and personal items in hot water and dry on high heat to eliminate any lice or nits. Vacuuming living areas can also help reduce the risk of reinfestation. 🧹
Education and Prevention: 📚 Informing affected individuals and their families about lice transmission and prevention methods is crucial to control outbreaks.
Prevention:
Preventing lice infestations involves:

Avoiding head-to-head contact during play or activities. 👫
Not sharing personal items like hats, combs, or hair accessories. 🎩🪞
Regularly checking for lice, especially in children. 👶🔍
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