The Ubaid Period is a time in Mesopotamia before the great Sumerian cities. The Ubaidians were very important as they established the first identifiable villages in the region.

"Tell AL-Ubaid was a site of a flourishing Sumerian town located along the Euphrates River around 6 km northwest of the large city of Ur. H.R. Hall, an English archaeologist discovered Tell al-Ubaid in 1918 and began basic excavations at the site the year after. In 1923 to 1924 more detailed investigations took place by the well-known Assyriologist Charles Leonard Woolley during the same period of time he was first exploring the city of Ur which was nearby. The biggest discovery at Tell al Ubaid was a temple devoted to Ninhursag, the Sumerian goddess of childbirth and divine protector of wild animals. The Temple was built around 2500 B.C. this was when the Sumerian cities were reaching the top of their power and influence. The temple included eight large copper-sheathed lions guarding the entrance. The insides of the temple were decorated with elegant reliefs inlaid with red limestone and mother of pearl.
The remains of a number of simple private houses were also found by Hall and Woolley at Tell-al-Ubaid. Some of the homes were of sun-dried clay bricks and dated from Sumerian times, here is where things get interesting, in the lower levels of the tell, a tell in archeology is an artificial mound formed from continuous staking of remains of people living on the same site for a period of time. They found smaller houses made from reeds that dated from an earlier period. At the lowest level of the site of Ur, Woolley found similar huts, along with primitive pottery. This lead Woolley and his colleagues to conclude that the Sumerian culture came directly after a less developed culture, a culture that most likely made up the first people to settle and grow crops on the southern Mesopotamia plain. The archeologists conceived the term Ubaidian, which was appropriate as it was named from the site Tell al-Ubaid, to describe the new found culture."


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