Soyuz (Russian: Союз, meaning "union", GRAU index 11A511) is a family of expendable Russian and Soviet carrier rockets developed by OKB-1 and manufactured by Progress Rocket Space Centre in Samara, Russia. With over 1,900 flights since its debut in 1966, the Soyuz is the most frequently used launch vehicle in the world as of 2021.[1]
Function:
Launch vehicle
Manufacturer:
OKB-1
Progress Rocket Space Centre
Country of origin:
USSR & Russia
Stages:
3
Launch history
Status:
Active
Launch sites:
Baikonur Sites 1/5 and 31/6
Plesetsk Sites 41, 16 and 43
Kourou ELS (with ESA)
Vostochny Site 1S
First flight: 28 November 1966
For nearly a decade, between the final flight of the Space Shuttle program in 2011 and the 2020 first crewed mission of SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket, Soyuz rockets were the only launch vehicles able and approved for transporting astronauts to the International Space Station.
The Soyuz vehicles are used as the launcher for the crewed Soyuz spacecraft as part of the Soyuz programme, as well as to launch uncrewed Progress supply spacecraft to the International Space Station and for commercial launches marketed and operated by Starsem and Arianespace. All Soyuz rockets use RP-1 and liquid oxygen (LOX) propellant, with the exception of the Soyuz-U2, which used Syntin, a variant of RP-1, with LOX. The Soyuz family is a subset of the R-7 family.
Soyuz Spacecraft:
Soyuz (Russian: Союз, IPA: [sɐˈjus], lit. 'Union') is a series of spacecraft which has been in service since the 1960s, having made more than 140 flights. It was designed for the Soviet space program by the Korolev Design Bureau (now Energia). The Soyuz succeeded the Voskhod spacecraft and was originally built as part of the Soviet crewed lunar programs. It is launched on a Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Between the 2011 retirement of the Space Shuttle and the 2020 demo flight of SpaceX Crew Dragon, the Soyuz served as the only means to ferry crew to or from the International Space Station, for which it remains heavily used. Although China did launch crewed Shenzhou flights during this time, none of them docked with the ISS.
Manufacturer:
Energia
Country of origin:
Soviet Union, Russia
Operator:
Soviet space program (1967–1991)
Roscosmos (1992–present)
Applications:
Carry cosmonauts to orbit and back (originally for Soviet Moonshot and Salyut and Mir space station transportation
Specifications
Regime:
Low Earth orbit,
Medium Earth orbit
(circumlunar spaceflight during early program)
Design life:
Up to 6 months (docked to International Space Station)
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